A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Political Risk Insurance Policies with Strategic Applications for Risk Mitigation

Generation of non-classical light is both of fundamental interest and a common condition for quantum information applications (QIA). One feasible type of single photon emitter for QIA is based on semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), due to their atomic-like energy structure and their possibility to be integrated with other semiconductor devices on the same chip. Sitecontrolled QDs with highly linear polarized emission are a prerequisite for certain QIA and a close to room temperature operation is demanded for widespread applications. III-nitride QD can have the deep connement potentials needed for high temperature operation, and the demonstration of single photon emission at room temperature was recently reported for a GaN QD [Nano Lett. 14, 982 (2014)]. Asymmetric III-nitride QD emits light with a high degree of linear polarization. To make site-controlled nitride-based QDs a promising approach is to deposit a thin layer of InGaN on top of hexagonal GaN micropyramids. QDs formed on the apex of the pyramids grown with this approach have been shown to exhibit single and sharp InGaN related emission lines with a high degree of linear polarization [Nano Lett. 11, 2415 (2011)]. A simple elongation of the pyramid base gives control of the polarization direction [Light: Sci. Appl. 3, e139 (2014)]. The work presented in this thesis deals with time correlation measurements, to measure, for the rst time, the single photon properties of these pyramidal QDs. A time correlated single photon spectroscopy (TCSPS) setup was assembled, tested and used to perform measurements on these pyramidal QDs. The TCSPS apparatus measures the time dierences between subsequent photons emitted from the sample. In the spectrally ltered light of one emission line in the emission spectra, e.g. exciton emission, of a QD two or more photons cannot be emitted simultaneously, i.e. the photons are sent out one by one. A histogram of the ensemble of measured time dierences (~106 events) will then for the ideal case have no events for τ = 0, and very few for close to zero. This histogram, when normalized, is under certain conditions equal to the second order coherence function g(2)(τ ). In reality, however, there are photons coming from other sources close to the QD, i.e. background emission, that reach the detector and reduce the dip in the correlation histogram for small τ. There is also an statistical uncertainty in the measured time dierences and nally the nite bin width used in the histogram that deteriorate the measured correlation function. To understand the in uence on g(2)(τ) from background emission, instrument response function and the bin width, on the measurement on excitonic emission, simulations and calculations were made. The crucial variables were, for our samples and setup, the level of the background emission and the instrument response function. A post growth process was developed to cover the lower parts of the pyramid sides as well as the area between the pyramids with a metal lm, to reduce the background emission. This reduces the background emission and largely improves the relative QD signal. As a result, signicant improved single photon characteristics were demonstrated. A measurement of the second order coherence function for the excitonic autocorrelation at a temperature of 12 K, gave for zero time delay ( = 0) a value of g(2)(0) = 0.24 and the residual value of the second order coherence function (0.24) could be in full explained by the three variables, background emission, instrument response function and bin width. The g(2)(0) value for correlation measurements at higher temperatures of 50 K and 80 K is also fully explained by the three variables, showing that the emission from the QD itself is ideal up to 80 K. This result underlines the great potential of these site controlled pyramidal dots as sources of fast polarized single photon emission, and provides the rst rigorous evidence of InGaN quantum dot formation on hexagonal GaN pyramids. We also show the rst proof of biexcitonic emission in this pyramidal QDs

Achieving World Trade Organization Compliance for Export Processing Zones While Maintaining Economic Competitiveness for Developing Countries

Export processing zones (EPZs) are statutorily created investment parks that developing countries establish to attract foreign investment in exchange for government-granted fiscal incentives. At their core, EPZs are a quid pro quo between host governments and investor companies: in exchange for the promise of job creation, technological transfer, economic development, and compliance with export performance requirements, investor companies receive substantial fiscal incentives, such as tax and tariff exemptions. Most EPZ statutes are inconsistent with Article 3.1(a) of the World Trade Organization\u27s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) because EPZ incentives qualify as prohibited export subsidies. Fortunately, many developing countries have received exemptions from this prohibition to maintain their EPZ systems. The exemptions, however, are set to permanently expire for many countries on December 31, 2015, spurring the need for EPZ reform. This Note proposes a framework for achieving WTO-compliance for EPZ statutes by conditioning EPZ incentives on an investor company\u27s implementation of standards of corporate social responsibility. This proposal will permit developing countries to maintain fiscal incentives—thus helping preserve their economic competitiveness as attractive destinations for foreign investment—while also offsetting potential harm that the mandatory elimination of EPZ export requirements may cause to developing-country industries

Determinants of initial technology adoption and intensification : evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean

In this paper, we examine determinants of initial adoption and subsequent intensification of commercial use of the internet. In contrast to previous examinations that have looked at initial adoption and intensification in the highest income countries, we study companies in Latin America and the Caribbean and so contribute to empirical understanding of the two types of adoption. Many variables such as company size and industry intensification previously identified as influential in high-income regions continue to be important determinants. Novel determinants are also found, including informal sector competition and regional influence. There are sharp differences in determinants between the two adoption types

Description of economic data collected with a random sample of commercial reef fish boats in the Florida Keys

This study summarizes the results of a survey designed to provide economic information about the financial status of commercial reef fish boats with homeports in the Florida Keys. A survey questionnaire was administered in the summer and fall of 1994 by interviewers in face-to-face meetings with owners or operators of randomly selected boats. Fishermen were asked for background information about themselves and their boats, their capital investments in boats and equipment, and about their average catches, revenues, and costs per trip for their two most important kinds of fishing trips during 1993 for species in the reef fish fishery. Respondents were characterized with regard to their dependence on the reef fish fishery as a source of household income. Boats were described in terms of their physical and financial characteristics. Different kinds of fishing trips were identified by the species that generated the greatest revenue. Trips were grouped into the following categories: yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus); mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis), black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), or red grouper (Epinephelus morio); gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus); deeper water groupers and tilefishes; greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili); spiny lobster (Panulirus argus); king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla); and dolphin (Coryphaena hippurus). Average catches, revenues, routine trip costs, and net operating revenues per boat per trip and per boat per year were estimated for each category of fishing trips. In addition to its descriptive value, data collected during this study will aid in future examinations of the economic effects of various regulations on commercial reef fish fishermen.(PDF file contains 48 pages.

Control of solar sail periodic orbits in the elliptic three-body problem

A solar sail essentially consists of a large mirror that uses the momentum change due to photons reflecting off the sail for its impulse. Solar sails are therefore unique spacecraft, as they do not require fuel for propulsion [1]. In this Note we consider using the solar sail to continuously maintain a periodic orbit above the ecliptic plane using variations in the sail's orientation. Positioning a spacecraft continuously above the ecliptic would allow continuous observation and communication with the poles

The Role of Ecosystem Services and Adaptive Capacity in the Resilience of Poor Urban Areas

This thesis aims to understand the important features of resilience for individuals living in poor urban areas. There is currently little understanding of the role of ecosystem services, or the key components of adaptive capacity in these areas. As urbanisation continues apace, it is of utmost importance that we understand how to build resilience in slums and informal settlements. This thesis contributes to this challenge by finding determinants of adaptive capacity, the degree to which ecosystem services are used, and significant heterogeneities in slum adaptive capacity. The research is based on empirical fieldwork in three slum areas in Kampala, Uganda. Study areas were chosen at differing distances from the city centre to the periphery, with data collected at the individual level. Mixed methods were used and included pre-study open interviews, a random survey questionnaire, and focus groups. A total of 720 questionnaires capture the bulk of the information, and contain two relatively novel methods – a presentation of adaptive capacity statements, and a social network analysis. The thesis finds that slum residents use local ecosystem services very little but where there are green spaces, they are valued for benefits such as recreation or aesthetics. Slum residents tend to deal with problems with the help of others, and social networks are critical for adaptive capacity. Other significant determinants of adaptive capacity include innovation, feelings of control, and a sense of place. There are significant differences in adaptive capacities and social networks between slums areas, and specific population groups. These results give policy key features of resilience to build on, and highlight the importance of assessing where strengths and weaknesses lie. The determinants of resilience in poor urban areas are unique, but once understood, enable us to reduce vulnerability for a vast proportion of the world's population living in slums and informal settlements

Revised time-of-flight calculations for high-latitude geomagnetic pulsations using a realistic magnetospheric magnetic field model

We present a simple time-of-flight analysis of Alfvén pulsations standing on closed terrestrial magnetic field lines. The technique employed in this study in order to calculate the characteristic period of such oscillations builds upon earlier time-of-flight estimates via the implementation of a more recent magnetospheric magnetic field model. In this case the model employed is the Tsyganenko (1996) field model, which includes realistic magnetospheric currents and the consequences of the partial penetration of the interplanetary magnetic field into the dayside magnetopause. By employing a simple description of magnetospheric plasma density, we are therefore able to estimate the period of standing Alfvén waves on geomagnetic field lines over a significantly wider range of latitudes and magnetic local times than in previous studies. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of changing season and upstream interplanetary conditions upon the period of such pulsations. Finally, the eigenfrequencies of magnetic field lines computed by the time-of-flight technique are compared with corresponding numerical solutions to the wave equation and experimentally observed pulsations on geomagnetic field lines

DETERMINING OPTIMAL REPLACEMENT AGE OF BEEF COWS IN THE PRESENCE OF STOCHASTIC ELEMENTS

Livestock Production/Industries,